We know the direction of the road, we know what class forces will lead it, but concretely, practically, this will be shown by. [35], In late 1893, Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg. [145] In September, the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the workers' sections of both the Moscow and Petrograd Soviets. [26], In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. [217] Internationally, many socialists decried Lenin's regime and denied that he was establishing socialism; in particular, they highlighted the lack of widespread political participation, popular consultation, and industrial democracy. [158], The Provisional Government had planned for a Constituent Assembly to be elected in November 1917; against Lenin's objections, Sovnarkom agreed for the vote to take place as scheduled. [153] During the insurrection, Lenin gave a speech to the Petrograd Soviet announcing that the Provisional Government had been overthrown. [410] In October, he made a final visit to the Kremlin. Most consider him the dominant figure of the Russian Revolution. [62], His wife Nadya joined Lenin in Munich and became his personal secretary. [327] It lacked global coverage; of the 34 assembled delegates, 30 resided within the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not recognised by any socialist parties in their own nations. "[247], Requisitioning disincentivised peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped. [429] Although he derided Marxists who adopted ideas from contemporary non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists,[440] his own ideas were influenced not only by Russian Marxist theory but also by wider ideas from the Russian revolutionary movement,[441] including those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. [160] Lenin argued that the election was not a fair reflection of the people's will, that the electorate had not had time to learn the Bolsheviks' political programme, and that the candidacy lists had been drawn up before the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries split from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. [121] He spent much of this time reading the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Aristotle, all of whom had been key influences on Marx. [122] This changed Lenin's interpretation of Marxism; whereas he once believed that policies could be developed based on predetermined scientific principles, he concluded that the only test of whether a policy was correct was its practice. [84] Joining the editorial board of Novaya Zhizn (New Life), a radical legal newspaper run by Maria Andreyeva, he used it to discuss issues facing the RSDLP. To do so, he believed that a "dictatorship of the proletariat" was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy. [385] In October he returned to Moscow; in December he suffered a second stroke and returned to Gorki. Previously, this violence was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want [...] to organise violence in the interests of the people. [466] Similarly, Volkogonov believed that "by the very force of his personality, [Lenin] had an influence over people. Senators Marco Rubio, and Robert “Bob” Menendez, and State Department official Martha Constanza Youth are taking part. [307], By 1919, the White armies were in retreat and by the start of 1920 were defeated on all three fronts. [529], Various historians and biographers have characterised Lenin's administration as totalitarian,[530] and as a police state,[531] and many have described it as a one-party dictatorship. [89] Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. [163] The Bolsheviks presented the Assembly with a motion that would strip it of most of its legal powers; when the Assembly rejected the motion, Sovnarkom declared this as evidence of its counter-revolutionary nature and forcibly disbanded it. [331] While Zinoviev became Comintern's president, Lenin retained significant influence over it. "[490], Aside from Russian, Lenin spoke and read French, German, and English. [412] On 21 January 1924, Lenin fell into a coma and died later that day. [421], Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. [233] On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. [315] Unlike the Soviets' previous conflicts, this had greater implications for the export of revolution and the future of Europe. [359] The policy also allowed for a return to privately owned small industry; basic industry, transport and foreign trade remained under state control. [294] The Reds held control of Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd, as well as most of Great Russia, while the Whites were located largely on the former Empire's peripheries. [200] Embracing the equality of the sexes, laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy from their husbands and removing restrictions on divorce. Otherwise you will never lead tens of millions of people to Communism. Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, but agreed to the invasion. [234] At this point, Lenin finally convinced a small majority of the Bolshevik Central Committee to accept the Central Powers' demands. "[510] The Bolshevik leader believed that other European countries, especially Germany, were culturally superior to Russia,[511] describing the latter as "one of the most benighted, medieval and shamefully backward of Asian countries. [427], Lenin was a devout Marxist,[429] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed "Leninism" by Martov in 1904,[430] was the sole authentic and orthodox one. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [By prolonging the war] we unusually strengthen German imperialism, and the peace will have to be concluded anyway, but then the peace will be worse because it will be concluded by someone other than ourselves. [201] Zhenotdel, a Bolshevik women's organisation, was established to further these aims. [473] According to Lenin biographer James D. White, Lenin treated their writings as "holy writ", a "religious dogma", which should "not be questioned but believed in. The unrest spread to other parts of Russia, and fearing that he would be violently overthrown, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated. [198] He also issued the Decree on Popular Education that stipulated that the government would guarantee free, secular education for all children in Russia,[198] and a decree establishing a system of state orphanages. He believed that competition and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist powers would continue until they were overthrown by proletariat revolution and socialism established. [522] Conversely, many later Western communists, such as Manuel Azcárate and Jean Ellenstein, who were involved in the Eurocommunist movement, expressed the view that Lenin and his ideas were irrelevant to their own objectives, thereby embracing a Marxist but not Marxist–Leninist perspective. [452], Lenin declared that "Soviet government is many millions of times more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois republic", the latter of which was simply "a democracy for the rich. [179] Lenin disliked Moscow,[180] but rarely left the city centre during the rest of his life. [413] His official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the blood vessels. Recognising that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens to travel in a sealed train carriage through their territory, among them Lenin and his wife. [120], In September 1917, Lenin published Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, which argued that imperialism was a product of monopoly capitalism, as capitalists sought to increase their profits by extending into new territories where wages were lower and raw materials cheaper. He did not question old Marxist scripture, he merely commented, and the comments have become a new scripture. [366] The conference resulted in a Russian agreement with Germany, which followed on from an earlier trade agreement with the United Kingdom. [492] Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly,[493] enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting,[494] and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. They claimed the measure would be temporary; the decree was widely criticised, including by many Bolsheviks, for compromising freedom of the press. [185], —Lenin's political programme, October 1917[186], Upon taking power, Lenin's regime issued a series of decrees. [497] Tending to eschew luxury, he lived a spartan lifestyle,[498] and Pipes noted that Lenin was "exceedingly modest in his personal wants", leading "an austere, almost ascetic, style of life. [17] At the time, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Petersburg University. As a result, Sovnarkom proclaimed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk void. He was the third of six children born into a close-knit, happy family of highly educated and cultured parents. [454] Lenin's belief as to what a proletariat state should look like nevertheless deviated from that adopted by the Marxist mainstream; European Marxists like Kautsky envisioned a democratically elected parliamentary government in which the proletariat had a majority, whereas Lenin called for a strong, centralised state apparatus that excluded any input from the bourgeois. [411] In his final weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin; the latter visited him at his Gorki mansion on the day of his death. [357] Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, On the Food Tax, in which he stated that the NEP represented a return to the original Bolshevik economic plans; he claimed that these had been derailed by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom had been forced to resort to the economic policies of war communism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime. [429], In his theoretical writings, particularly Imperialism, Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached the new stage of state monopoly capitalism. "[221], —Lenin on peace with the Central Powers[222], Upon taking power, Lenin believed that a key policy of his government must be to withdraw from the First World War by establishing an armistice with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's plans for modernisation. [4] Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German–Swedish Lutheran mother, and according to some sources a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. [290] In 1918, the United Kingdom, France, United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia landed 10,000 troops in Murmansk, seizing Kandalaksha, while later that year British, American, and Japanese forces landed in Vladivostok. [450] He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value,[451] and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. [487] Lenin showed no sign of sadism or of personally desiring to commit violent acts, but he endorsed the violent actions of others and exhibited no remorse for those killed for the revolutionary cause. [238] Accordingly, the Treaty was deeply unpopular across Russia's political spectrum,[239] and several Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries resigned from Sovnarkom in protest. [379] Twenty-six physicians were hired to help Lenin during his final years; many of them were foreign and had been hired at great expense. His mother was the daughter of a physician, while his father, though the son of a serf, became a schoolteacher and rose to the position of inspector of schools. Communist Russia in the early 1920s, Dr. Lurie told the conference, was a place of “Mafia-like intrigue.” In 1921 Lenin started complaining that he was ill. Lenin studied law at Kazan University but was expelled after just three months. [250] Both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemned the armed appropriations of grain at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. [514] As a result, Lenin's influence was global. 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